Figures and Findings

Below are a few of the significant findings that have come out of Dr. Goldsmith's research on emotions and temperament.

Correlations between Positive Affect and Empathy Components1

	Pooled Sample			Girls			Boys
	Helping	Concern	Hypothesis Testing	Helping	Concern Hypothesis	Testing	Helping	Concern Hypothesis	Testing
Positive Affect	.16**	.09	.12*	.22**	.15*	.06	.10	.05	.16*

* p < .05, ** p < 0.01

Twin Similarity for Positive Affect and the Empathy Composites1

Composites	Intraclass Correlations
	MZ	DZ
Positive Affect	.56	.49
Helping	.18	.20
Concern	.48	.35
Hypothesis Testing	.57	.38

Phenotypic Correlations2

	TBAQ-IC (22 mos.)	CBQ-IC (36 mos.)
IBQ-Distress to Limitation (12 mos.)	.34**	--.13**
IBQ-Duration of Orienting	.17**	.16**
TBAQ-IC (22 mos.)	-	.43**

**p<.01

Intraclass Twin Correlations2

	MZr	DZr
IBQ-Distress to Limitation (12 mos.)	.65**	.46**
IBQ-Duration of Orienting	.89**	.78**
TBAQ-IC (22 mos.)	.71**	.47**
CBQ-IC (36 mos.)	.56**	.19**

**p<.01

Correlations Between Toddler Behavior Assessment Questionnaire (TBAQ) and Children's Behavior3

(CBQ) Scales in a Calibration Sample

TBAQ scale	Corresponding CBQ scale	Correlation
Activity Level	Activity Level	.68
Pleasure	Smiling/Laughter	.47
	Approach	.41
	High Pleasure	.22
	Low Pleasure	.34
Social Fear	Shyness	.72
	Fear	.38
Anger Proneness	Anger	.47
	Impulsivity	.27
	Sadness	.29
	Activity Level	.37
	Approach	.35
Interest/Persistence	Attentional Focusing	.58

Note. For the calibration sample, N =109 singletons.

¹ Volbrecht, M., Lemery-Chalfant, K., Aksan, N., Zahn-Waxler, C., & Goldsmith, H. H. (2007). Examining the familial link between positive affect and empathy development in the second year. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 168, 105-129.
² Gagne, J. R. & Goldsmith, H. H. (June, 2007). A twin analysis of inhibitory behavior from 12-36 months of age. Paper presented at the 37^th Annual Meeting of the Behavior Genetics Association, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
³ Goldsmith, H. H., Buss, K. A., & Lemery, K. S. (1997). Toddler and childhood temperament: expanded content, stronger genetic evidence, new evidence for the importance of environment. Developmental Psychology, 33., 891-905.